Trust Dynamics in WSNs: An Evolutionary Game-Theoretic Approach

A sensor node (SN) in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) can decide whether to collaborate with others based on a trust management system (TMS) by making a trust decision. In this paper, we study the trust decision and its dynamics that play a key role to stabilize the whole network using evolutionary game theory. When SNs are making their decisions to select action Trust or Mistrust, a WSNs trust game is created to reflect their utilities. An incentive mechanism bound with one SN’s trust degree is incorporated into this trust game and effectively promotes SNs to select action Trust. The replicator dynamics of SNs’ trust evolution, illustrating the evolutionary process of SNs selecting their actions, are given. We then propose and prove the theorems indicating that evolutionarily stable strategies can be attained under different parameter values, which supply theoretical foundations to devise a TMS for WSNs. Moreover, we can find out the conditions that will lead SNs to choose action Trust as their final behavior. In this manner, we can assure WSNs’ security and stability by introducing a trust mechanism to satisfy these conditions. Experimental results have confirmed the proposed theorems and the effects of the incentive mechanism

Automatic Selection of Molecular Descriptors using Random Forest: Application to Drug Discovery

The optimal selection of chemical features (molecular descriptors) is an essential pre-processing step for the efficient application of computational intelligence techniques in virtual screening for identification of bioactive molecules in drug discovery. The selection of molecular descriptors has key influence in the accuracy of affinity prediction. In order to improve this prediction, we examined a Random Forest (RF)-based approach to automatically select molecular descriptors of training data for ligands of kinases, nuclear hormone receptors, and other enzymes. The reduction of features to use during prediction dramatically reduces the computing time over existing approaches and consequently permits the exploration of much larger sets of experimental data. To test the validity of the method, we compared the results of our approach with the ones obtained using manual feature selection in our previous study (Perez-Sanchez et al., 2014). The main novelty of this work in the field of drug discovery is the use of RF in two different ways: feature ranking and dimensionality reduction, and classification using the automatically selected feature subset. Our RF-based method out-performs classification results provided by Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Neural Networks (NN) approaches

The growth factors expressing of the homologous muscle by unilateral electrical stimulation

Objective: Through investigating the effects of electrical stimulation on expression of growth factors in homologous muscle, to discuss mechanism of electrical stimulating promoting the skeletal muscle growing and cross education. Method: Thirty SD rats were randomly divided into five groups：control，1 week，2 week，3 week and 4 week and stimulating the right triceps surae was stimulated by electrical stimulator. Using real-time quantitative PCR measurement to measure two alternative splices of IGF-1(IGF-1Ea and MGF) and MyoG mRNA expressing of gastrocnemius and right biceps brachii. Result: IGF-1Ea mRNA expression of muscle was increased 1.55，3.99，5.11，5.27 fold respectively, and from first week to third week, IGF-1Ea mRNA expressing consecutively kept increased, but compared with the third week, there was no increasing at the fourth week. MGF mRNA of muscles increased 3.97，4.05、4.13、4.24 fold respectively and MyoG increased 2.14， 2.48， 2.99， 3.02 fold respectively, there was no significant increase from 1—4weeks. However in the contralateral hind limb and forelimb skeletal muscles, the growth factors were no statistical significance. Conclusion: The processing of long-time electrical stimulation promote muscle function, the growth facts were playing a key role in the process of muscle regeneration and repairment;However no significant effects of electrical stimulation on the expression of these regulatory factors were observed in the non-stimulated contralateral hind limb and forelimb muscles, indicating that the expression of these regulatory factors was caused by direct electrical-mechanical stimulation, while the neural-endocrine might not play a main role in it

Insulin-like growth factor-I on skeletal muscle growth and repair of research progress

The growth hormone (GH)/insulin- like growth factor- I (IGF- I) axis is one of the most important regulators of skeletal muscle growth. Insulin- like growth factor- I is expressed in many tissues, however it may have different functions. Skeletal muscle is not only a target of the IGF- I, but also a producer. The IGF- I expressed in skeletal muscle has been suggested playing a key role in muscle regeneration and repair after injury. It is also an important regulatory factor in maintaining muscle quantity. This review summarized the current literature in this field, and discussed the potential significance and application of GH/IGF- I intervention in exercise rehabilitation

The expression of two isoforms of insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1) mRNA in rat skeletal muscle induced by one to four weeks of electrical stimulation

Objective: Through investigating the effects of electrical stimulation on expression of growth factors in homologous muscle, to discuss mechanism of electrical stimulating promoting the skeletal muscle growing and cross education. Method: Thirty SD rats were randomly divided into five groups：control，1 week，2 week，3 week and 4 week and stimulating the right triceps surae was stimulated by electrical stimulator. Using real-time quantitative PCR measurement to measure two alternative splices of IGF-1(IGF-1Ea and MGF) and MyoG mRNA expressing of gastrocnemius and right biceps brachii. Result: IGF-1Ea mRNA expression of muscle was increased 1.55，3.99，5.11，5.27 fold respectively, and from first week to third week, IGF-1Ea mRNA expressing consecutively kept increased, but compared with the third week, there was no increasing at the fourth week. MGF mRNA of muscles increased 3.97，4.05、4.13、4.24 fold respectively and MyoG increased 2.14， 2.48， 2.99， 3.02 fold respectively, there was no significant increase from 1—4weeks. However in the contralateral hind limb and forelimb skeletal muscles, the growth factors were no statistical significance. Conclusion: The processing of long-time electrical stimulation promote muscle function, the growth facts were playing a key role in the process of muscle regeneration and repairment;However no significant effects of electrical stimulation on the expression of these regulatory factors were observed in the non-stimulated contralateral hind limb and forelimb muscles, indicating that the expression of these regulatory factors was caused by direct electrical-mechanical stimulation, while the neural-endocrine might not play a main role in it

The growth factors expressing of the homologous muscle by unilateral electrical stimulating

Objective: Through investigating the effects of electrical stimulation on expression of growth factors in homologous muscle, to discuss mechanism of electrical stimulating promoting the skeletal muscle growing and cross education. Method: Thirty SD rats were randomly divided into five groups: control, 1 week, 2 week, 3 week and 4 week and stimulating the right triceps surae was stimulated by electrical stimulator. Using real-time quantitative PCR measurement to measure two alternative splices of IGF-1 (IGF-1Ea and MGF) and MyoG mRNA expressing of gastrocnemius and right biceps brachii. Result: IGF -1Ea mRNA expression of muscle was increased 1.55, 3.99, 5.11, 5.27 fold respectively, and from first week to third week, IGF-1Ea mRNA expressing consecutively kept increased, but compared with the third week, there was no increasing at the fourth week. MGF mRNA of muscles increased 3.97, 4.05, 4.13, 4.24 fold respectively and MyoG increased 2.14, 2.48, 2.99, 3.02 fold respectively, there was no significant increase from 1-4weeks. However in the contralateral hind limb and forelimb skeletal muscles, the growth factors were no statistical significance. Conclusion: The processing of long-time electrical stimulation promote muscle function, the growth facts were playing a key role in the process of muscle regeneration and repairment;However no significant effects of electrical stimulation on the expression of these regulatory factors were observed in the non-stimulated contralateral hind limb and forelimb muscles, indicating that the expression of these regulatory factors was caused by direct electrical-mechanical stimulation, while the neural-endocrine might not play a main role in it